规划环境影响评价中公众参与方法实践与探讨

规划环评是我国环评领域的一个新方向，公众参与是规划环评中的一个重要组成部分。从实践出发，以浙江省2010年电力发展规划及2020年展望的能源类规划环评为案例，对专项规划环评的公众参与作了初步探讨。并提出了提高专项规划环境影响评价公众参与有效性的建议。     

Proximal exposure of public schools and students to major roadways: a nationwide US survey

This study addresses the effect of urban planning and road development on the health risk of students attending schools near major roadways. The proximity of public schools and students was quantified to Interstate, US and state highways in nine large Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) of the USA. In total among the surveyed schools and students, over 30% fell within 400 m of a major roadway and over 10% were within 100 m. For some MSAs almost half of the student population attended schools near (≤400m) major roadways, resulting in a potentially increased risk for asthma and other chronic respiratory problems, especially in schools representing the urban fringe locale. It was concluded that proximity of major roadways should be an important factor in considering sites for new schools and developing policies for reducing the exposure in existing schools. The findings provide an important reference point for coordinating future urban development, transportation and environmental policies.     

DAD IS OUT,POP IS IN1

ABSTRACT: Two major challenges face today's water professionals. The first is finding solutions to increasingly complicated water resources problems. The second challenge is nontechnical. It is effective interaction with the public recognizing both the public's increasingly elevated goals relative to water and the public's growing understanding of water science and technology. The traditional DAD approach, that is, decide-announce-defend, is no longer appropriate. The much more progressive, and inclusive POP approach, that is, public owns project, is more likely to be effective given the changing nature of the public's expectations and knowledge. A water resources planning or design effort that fails to include a public interaction program plans to fail. Described in this paper are three suggested objectives of the POP approach, namely demonstrating awareness, gathering supplemental data and information, and building a base of support. Having established specific objectives for a particular water resources project, appropriate public interaction programs and events must be selected, scheduled, and implemented. Many and varied programs and events are described in the paper.     

When implementation works: A comparison of Ramsar Convention implementation in different continents

What are the processes that shape implementation of multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) in multilevel governance? In an attempt to address this question, we move from a top-down view of implementation as compliance with international rules to viewing it as a dynamic process shaped by action at various levels. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands offers an important context to understand the mechanisms that shape multilevel implementation outcomes. We examine Ramsar Convention implementation in Austria, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea in order to identify relevant processes that define multilevel implementation. These cases represent three different types of government, and shed light on the ways in which international law is implemented by respective governments. The Austrian case, a federal government, illustrates the ways in which subnational authorities (the provinces) are influenced by binding regional institutions (EU-rules) to create a more robust context for protection in terms of designation of Ramsar sites. The Mexican case, a semi-federal government, shows how spurred involvement by local NGOs, states, and scientists can result in significant expansion of efforts. The Korean case, a unitary government, demonstrates the ways in which aligning institutional interests (in this case local governments with national ministries) can lead to strong implementation. Analysis of these cases provides two robust findings and one deserving additional study. First, overlapping governance efforts where activity has ties with multiple regional and international biodiversity efforts tend to see cumulative implementation. Second, institutional and organizational complexity can provide opportunities for local actors to drive the implementation agenda through a mix of processes of coordination and contentious politics. A third, more tentative finding, is that multilevel funding sources can ease implementation.     

Participation in devolved commons management: Multiscale socioeconomic factors related to individuals’ participation in community-based management of marine protected areas in Indonesia

Management of common-pool natural resources is commonly implemented under institutional models promoting devolved decision-making, such as co-management and community-based management. Although participation of local people is critical to the success of devolved commons management, few studies have empirically investigated how individuals’ participation is related to socioeconomic factors that operate at multiple scales. Here, we evaluated how individual- and community-scale factors were related to levels of individual participation in management of community-based marine protected areas in Indonesia. In addressing this aim, we drew on multiple bodies of literature on human behaviour from economics and social science, including the social-ecological systems framework from the literature on common-pool resources, the theory of planned behaviour from social psychology, and public goods games from behavioural economics. We found three key factors related to level of participation of local people: subjective norms, structural elements of social capital, and nested institutions. There was also suggestive evidence that participation was related to people’s cooperative behavioural disposition, which we elicited using a public goods game. These results point to the importance of considering socioeconomic factors that operate at multiple scales when examining individual behaviour. Further, our study highlights the need to consider multiscale mechanisms other than those designed to appeal to self-interested concerns, such as regulations and material incentives, which are typically employed in devolved commons management to encourage participation. Increased understanding of the factors related to participation could facilitate better targeting of investments aimed at encouraging cooperative management.     

公共管理与公众参与策略：于桥水库水质改善项目

环境问题是在人类的发展与资源的开发过程中产生的 ,是多种因素综合作用的结果 ,解决任何一个环境问题都将涉及到若干部门和公众 ,决不是一个部门所能完全胜任的。因此 ,采用公共管理与公众参与的模式解决环境问题 ,是改善环境质量的必然途径 ,是一个政府环境管理能力的综合体现。文章阐述了公共管理与公众参与的内涵、目标、目的、基本原则和实施程序等。     

CONTRASTING WATER QUALITY FROM PAIRED DOMESTIC/PUBLIC SUPPLY WELLS,CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: Closely located domestic and public supply wells were sampled using identical sampling procedures to allow comparison of water quality associated with well type. Water samples from 15 pairs of wells with similar screened intervals completed in the central High Plains regional aquifer in parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas were analyzed for more than 200 water quality constituents. No statistically significant differences were observed between the concentrations of naturally‐derived constituents (major ions, trace elements, and radon) in paired wells. However, differences in water quality between paired wells were observed for selected anthropogenic compounds (pesticides and tritium), in that some public supply wells produced water that was more recently recharged and contained constituents derived from surface activities. The presence of recently recharged water and compounds indicative of anthropogenic activities in some public supply wells was likely due to operational variations (pumping rate and pumping cycles), as demonstrated in a particle tracking simulation. Water containing surface‐derived anthropogenic compounds from near the water table was more quickly drawn to high volume public supply wells (less than five years) than domestic wells (greater than 120 years) with small pumping rates. These findings indicate that water quality samples collected from different well types in the same area are not necessarily directly comparable. Sampling domestic wells provides the best broad‐scale assessment of water quality in this aquifer setting because they are less susceptible to localized contamination from near the water table. However, sampling public supply wells better represents the quality of the used resource because of the population served.     

公共建筑环境下行人行为特性及拥挤机理研究综述

介绍国内外对于公共建筑环境下行人行为特性及拥挤机理方面的研究成果,主要包括:自由流情况下的行人运动速度,人群运动的最佳密度,行人的年龄、文化、性别、退让距离、温度、旅行目的、运动方向和建筑设施类型对行人流速度和流量的影响,以及行人流的密度和速度关系。成果显示:各国学者在人群的速度、密度和流量之间的相互关系方面研究较多,所得的结论趋于一致;但对于影响行人流速度和流量的各种因素并没有进行深入的研究,尤其是拥挤情况下行人的心理状态和拥挤事故的相互关系。     

论城市公共安全的风险管理

从城市公共安全风险管理系统的研究出发,结合城市公共安全管理的特点,从城市工业危险源、公共场所、公共设施、公共卫生、自然灾害、生态环境、恐怖袭击等存在的风险,探讨其风险的特点;提出风险管理的步骤和原则;强调我国已进入风险社会和加强城市公共安全风险管理的重要性;指出了我国城市公共安全风险管理存在的问题,简单介绍了美国、日本、英国、俄罗斯等国家风险管理的经验;就我国城市公共安全风险管理现状,提出具体对策并构建了城市公共安全风险管理的基本框架。重点阐述了城市公共安全管理的内涵、现状、存在问题和应对措施并指出建立完善的城市公共安全管理体系是做好城市公共安全风险管理的有效办法。     

公众信任及水灾风险认知的区域对比

通过在长江流域不同区域开展问卷调查(获885份样本),统计、比较公众对社会减灾能力的信任态度及水灾风险认知状况,并探讨信任与认知之间的关系。结果显示,公众对社会减灾能力基本持信任态度,信任度依次为:灾害监测预报预警>政府应急>防灾工程能力,其中下游地区公众的信任度较高。公众对于水灾的风险感知普遍偏弱,尤其是下游地区公众对发生水灾、受灾可能性的评估偏低(小于25%)。公众对于区域减灾能力的信任主要受到受灾经历(如灾情损失、灾后救援等)的影响,区域本底的灾害风险高低导致公众水灾风险认知的差异。风险较高区域(上、中游)公众更愿意采取较多的、积极的具体防减灾措施。